The 3 Types of Joints in the Body

Bones come together at places in the body called joints, which enable us to move our bodies in different ways. Key Takeaways: Joints Joints are locations in the body where bones meet. They enable movement and are classified by either their structure or function.Structural classifications of joints include fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.Functional classifications of joints include immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable joints.Freely movable (synovial) joints are most abundant and include six types: pivot, hinge, condyloid, saddle, plane, and ball-and-socket joints. There are three types of joints in the body. Synovial joints are freely movable and allow for motion at the location where bones meet. They provide a wide range of motion and flexibility. Other joints provide more stability and less flexibility. Bones at cartilaginous joints connected by cartilage and are slightly movable. Bones at fibrous joints are immovable and connected by fibrous connective tissue. Joints can be classified by either their structure or function. Structural classifications are based on how the bones at joints are connected. Fibrous, synovial, and cartilaginous are structural classifications of joints. Classifications based on joint function consider how movable bones are at joint locations. These classifications include immovable (synarthrosis), slightly movable (amphiarthrosis), and freely movable (diarthrosis) joints. Immovable (Fibrous) Joints Fibrous joints hold skull bones together to protect the brain. Leonello Calvetti/Stocktrek Images/Getty Images Immovable or fibrous joints are those that do not allow movement (or allow for only very slight movement) at joint locations. Bones at these joints have no joint cavity and are held together structurally by thick fibrous connective tissue, usually collagen. These joints are important for stability and protection. There are three types of immovable joints: sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphosis. Sutures: These narrow fibrous joints connect bones of the skull (excluding the jaw bone). In adults, the bones are held tightly together to protect the brain and help shape the face. In newborns and infants, bones at these joints are separated by a larger area of connective tissue and are more flexible. Overtime, cranial bones fuse together providing more stability and protection for the brain.Syndesmosis: This type of fibrous joint connects two bones that are relatively far apart. The bones are linked by ligaments or a thick membrane (interosseous membrane). A syndesmosis can be found between the bones of the forearm (ulna and radius) and between the two long bones of the lower leg (tibia and fibula).Gomphosis: This type of fibrous joint holds a tooth in place in its socket in the upper and lower jaw. A gomphosis is an exception to the rule that joints connect bone to bone, as it connects teeth to bone. This specialized joint is also called a peg and socket joint and allows for limi ted to no movement. Slightly Movable (Cartilaginous) Joints Intervertebral discs are cartilaginous joints, composed of thick fibrocartilage, that support bones while allowing limited movement. MedicalRF.com/Getty Images Slightly movable joints permit some movement but provide less stability than immovable joints. These joints can be structurally classified as cartilaginous joints, as bones are connected by cartilage at the joints. Cartilage is a tough, elastic connective tissue that helps to reduce friction between bones. Two types of cartilage may be found at cartilaginous joints: hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is very flexible and elastic, while fibrocartilage is stronger and less flexible. Cartilaginous joints formed with hyaline cartilage can be found between certain bones of the rib cage. Intervertebral discs located between spinal vertebrae are examples of slightly movable joints composed of fibrocartilage. The fibrocartilage provides support for bones while allowing for limited movement. These are important functions as it relates to the spinal column as spinal vertebrae help to protect the spinal cord. The pubic symphysis (which connects the right and left hip bones) is another example of a cartilaginous joint that unites bones with fibrocartilage. The pubic symphysis helps to support and stabilize the pelvis. Freely Movable (Synovial) Joints Synovial joints are freely movable and provide the greatest degree of mobility. OpenStax College/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY 3.0 Freely movable joints are classified structurally as synovial joints. Unlike fibrous and cartilaginous joints, synovial joints have a joint cavity (fluid-filled space) between connecting bones. Synovial joints allow for greater mobility but are less stable than fibrous and cartilaginous joints. Examples of synovial joints include joints in the wrist, elbow, knees, shoulders, and hip. Three main structural components are found in all synovial joints and include a synovial cavity, articular capsule, and articular cartilage. Synovial Cavity: This space between adjacent bones is filled with synovial fluid and is where bones can move freely in relation to each another. Synovial fluid helps to prevent friction between bones.Articular Capsule: Composed of fibrous connective tissue, this capsule surrounds the joint and connects to adjacent bones. The inner layer of the capsule is lined with a synovial membrane that produces the thick synovial fluid.Articular Cartilage: Within the articular capsule, the rounded ends of adjacent bones are covered with smooth articular (relating to joints) cartilage composed of hyaline cartilage. Articular cartilage absorbs shock and provides a smooth surface for fluent movements. Additionally, bones at synovial joints may be supported by structures outside of the joint such as ligaments, tendons, and bursae (fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between supporting structures at joints). Types of Synovial Joints in the Body OpenStax College/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY 3.0 Synovial joints allow for a number of different types of body movements. There are six types of synovial joints found at different locations in the body. Pivot Joint: This joint permits rotational movement around a single axis. One bone is encircled by a ring formed by the other bone at the joint and a ligament. The bone that pivots may either rotate within the ring or the ring may rotate around the bone. The joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae near the base of the skull is an example of a pivot joint. It allows the head to turn from side to side.Hinge Joint: This joint permits bending and straightening movements along one plane. Similar to a door hinge, movement is limited to a single direction. Examples of hinge joints include the elbow, knee, ankle, and joints between the bones of the fingers and toes.Condyloid Joint: Several different types of movements are allowed by this type of joint, including bending and straightening, side-to-side, and circular movements. One of the bones has an oval-shaped, or convex, end (male surface) that fits into the depressed oval-shaped, or concave end (female surface) of another bo ne. This type of joint can be found between the radius bone of the forearm and bones of the wrist.Saddle Joint: These distinct joints are very flexible, allowing for bending and straightening, side-to-side, and circular movements. The bones at these joints form what looks like a rider on a saddle. One bone is turned inward at one end, while the other is turned outward. An example of a saddle joint is the thumb joint between the thumb and palm.Plane Joint: Bones at this type of joint slide past each other in a gliding motion. The bones at plane joints are of similar size and the surfaces where the bones meet at the joint are nearly flat. These joints can be found between bones of the wrist and foot, as well as between the collar bone and shoulder blade.Ball-and-Socket Joint: These joints allow the greatest degree of motion permitting bending and straitening, side-to-side, circular, and rotational movement. The end of one bone at this type of joint is rounded (ball) and fits into the cupped end (socket) of another bone. The hip and shoulder joints are examples of ball-and-socket joints. Each of the different types of synovial joints allows for specialized movements that permit different degrees of motion. They may allow movement in a single direction only or movement along multiple planes, depending on the type of joint. The range of motion of a joint is therefore limited by the type of joint and by its supporting ligaments and muscles. Sources Betts, J. Gordon. Anatomy and Physiology. Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, et al., OpenStax at Rice University. Chen, Hao. Heads, Shoulders, Elbows, Knees, and Toes: Modular Gdf5 Enhancers Control Different Joints in the Vertebrate Skeleton. Terence D. Capellini, Michael Schoor, et al., PLOS Genetics, November 30, 2016.

Maya Angelou s Graduation Day - 862 Words

The words a person speaks depends on the individual’s character. Words create either a positive or negative atmosphere. Most people base their self-worth off of the opinions of others. A person’s word choice can influence another person’s future. When an individual hears discouraging comments about themselves, their confidence lowers, however, when a person hears uplifting and encouraging compliments, their confidence rises. These ideas appear multiple times throughout Maya Angelou’s, â€Å"Graduation Day†. The story refers to a young girl graduating the eighth grade. Maya Angelou encountered many people who challenged her personal growth because of the words spoken to her. Although common belief states words have no power, words have the power to influence an audience. Words spoken from a kind hearted soul motivate an audience and direct them towards a healthy existence. Pastor Sneed, Angelou’s hometown pastor, had the opportunity to speak t he Sunday prior to Angelou’s eighth grade graduation. Pastor Sneed’s sermon involved the simple message, â€Å"Let your light so shine that men will see your good works and praise your Father. Who is in Heaven† (Angelou, 2014, p. 183). Pastor Sneed’s sermon reached out to more than the graduating class. His choice of words provided incentive to live for God to the entire fellowship. Although Pastor Sneed intended his message for the graduates, the words the pastor spoke were powerful enough to reach the entire fellowship. Angelou receivesShow MoreRelatedMaya Angelou s Graduation Day1038 Words   |  5 Pagesthe words that lends significance to the inspirational speeches and songs held so dearly in the hearts of many. Due to their significant daily presence, words hold an immense power. 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I didn’t come to stay . . .† capture two of the most significant issues she struggles with in her childhood and young adulthood: feeling ugly and awkward and never feeling attached to one place. First, Maya imagines that though people judge her unfairly by her awkward looks, they will be surprised one day when her true self emerges. At the time, she hopes that she will emerge as if in a fairy-taleRead MoreAnalysis Of Sherman Alexie s Indian Education 1330 Words   |  6 Pagesothers. I was introduced to a short story called â€Å"Indian Education† by Sherman Alexie about a boy named Junior and the struggles he faced throughout school because he was Native American. I was also introduced to another short story called â€Å"Graduation† by Maya Angelou about a young woman named Marguerite Johnson who was proud of her background being â€Å"Negro† even if it included som e unfairness. Throughout history discrimination against one because of their background has led to many disagreements and act

Media and Communication Adaptation for Elements - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMedia and Communication Adaptation for District Elements. Answer: MEMO To Creative Team XYZ From ABC ABC Re: of the Advertisement Date: This is to inform you that you are creating this memo for creative team regarding the changes to the given advertisement. The Distinct Elements are described below: The ad titled as stop violence against women: The rooting of violence against women and girls are from the discrimination of individuals on a gender basis and social norms and the gender stereotyping which propagates such violence. Raising awareness among the people and the mobilization of the community by including with media and social media is found to be an effective prevention strategy for bringing changes is recommended to the creative team. Education for prevention: It is to note that the voices can be raised against violence as a co-educational curriculum which has to be designed for people of various age groups varying from 5 to 25 years. It offers young people with expertise and tools in having an understanding of the root causes of violence in their particular communities and to educate them and by involving their groups and communities in preventing such kind of violence and eventually to make them learn about where they need to access for support if such violence is experienced (Berger, 2015). Voices raised against violence would be a tool for young people all over the world. It can be adapted to the level of national context and can be translated into the local languages and has to be rolled out in schools and communities of all regions in partnership with youth organizations and governments (David Carignan, 2017). Working together in a male-female environment: This kind of program is to be entertained at the working place without any gender bias by the firm. By embracing such programs the long-term goal of the firm should be reducing the incidences of violence that are gender-based in the region through changes in their behaviour and attitude among men and boys, the increased capacity of the institution, and policy enhancements should be facilitated (Pedro). Raising voice against violence should be adopted as the community-based initiative and should aim in preventing the violence from working place with a cross-section of community members and leaders in changing their behaviours and attitudes that promote violence against women. Provide information on violence against women survivors: It is to be noted by women and girls, particularly the VAW survivors that they would be authorized in receiving the support and compensation for them being engaged in such violence. They should be given ideas and suggestions and make them aware of how they would be able to claim their rights. It can be achieved by raising public awareness and by giving information campaigns which can distribute such important information to the survivors and would encourage them in using services that are appropriate to them and for demanding the justice (Nishida, 1999). They should also be provided with the access to prevention of violence against women and the section of response services and also law implementing public awareness and education section in the legislation module. An increasing body of indication shows that if the campaigns are designed well with information and are combined with the public advertisements such as posters and the mobilization of community than it will succeed in promo ting the increased use of the services by the survivors of VAW (Raab Rocha, 2011). Promoting the norms related to gender unbiased: It has been shown by the World Health Organization (2005) in a seminal multi-country study that violence against women is related closely to the gender inequality with respect to rights in between men and women, unequal roles of gender, and low levels of mobility of women, independence, and empowerment. Hence, against VAW campaigns are required to be promoted for providing justice to gender inequality and models of femininity and masculinity that are usually based on human rights and its equality (Strmbck Van Aelst, 2013). In these, as active agents of change, you need to represent women and girls instead of only the potential victims who have to be protected so that it will contribute to their empowerment, and concedes and values their actual contribution to the society. Recommendations using Cultural Schema Theory When an individual from a particular culture interacts with the members belonging to the same culture all the time or when talks regarding certain information with them for many times, then there would be the creation of cultural schemas and will be stored in the brain. Consequently, similar kind of instances are responsible for the development of cultural schema against women and are becoming more organized, compact, and abstract leading to violence against them. Communication becomes much easier as these keep on happening among biased gender. It is explained by Nishida (1999) that the force that led to the creation of cultural schema is an experience (Nishida, 1999). Violence can be described as the term that is diffused extremely and is a complex phenomenon which cannot be defined exactly in any scientific terms because it has been influenced by the cultural development and is reviewed to the extent of social values and standards of women. From our cultural schemas, we can notice that the categorization of gender is assumed to be understood of the relationships that are established among the sexes in the society which leads to the differentiation of biological and social sex. While the term biological sex is referred to as the differences between men and women due to anatomic physiology and the term social sex would be related to how in society these differences in culture behave (David Carignan, 2017). All over the world in all cultures, women are living in conditions that are socially unequal towards men. The different manifestations and magnitudes are acquired by these inequalities. In this, the gender that is defined based on culture will be employing two levels, such as gender in the form of a constitutive element of social relations on the basis of noticeable differences between the two sexes and gender representation in the form of power relations in which there would be dominant action and are quite natural. Recommendations using Communication Accommodation Theory Communication accommodation theory emphasizes on the adjustments that are made by the people while having communication. This theory was developed by Howard Giles, who is a professor at the University of California of communication. According to him, whenever people try to interact with others than they will either emphasize or diminish the social differences among them. This can be linked to the violence against women in the working places since men would like to be dominant in their work so they will try to degrade women staff with their communication by diminishing them while having an interaction with them in a team (Raab Rocha, 2011). Communication accommodation theory is often influenced by the social psychology of the people at workplace and the following four conclusions can be drawn from them which are as below: While communicating, however, there will be similarity among men to mens conversations and differences among men to womens conversations in terms of speech and their behaviour. These kind of features that are exhibited by the people are completely dependent on their experiences and the type of cultural background they are bought in. By understanding the insight of the behaviour and speech of the opposite gender the conversation can be evaluated. By evaluating people will make a decision of whether they can accommodate and fit in it. The equality and social status are generally determined by their language and behaviours. When people communicate, they have the tendency of accommodating their behaviours with those who are at the high level of social status in comparison to them. The accommodation process is guided by norms which will be varying in the level of appropriateness. The behaviour of the individual is defined by the norms and accordingly, they are expected to act. The application of communication accommodation theory can be in various different processes of communication. The communication accommodation can be used in an office for communicating effectively and to prevent biased communication which leads to violence against women among the employees. References Berger, A.A., 2015. Media and communication research methods: An introduction to qualitative and quantitative approaches. Sage Publications. David, M.D. and Carignan, M.E., 2017. Crisis communication adaptation strategies in the MM A train explosion in Lac-Mgantic downtown: going back to field communication. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, (just-accepted), pp.00-00. Pedro, S., Communication Strategies for Preventing Violence against Women: Case Study of Timor-Leste1. DIRECTOR [DIRETOR], p.1. Nishida, H. 1999. Cultural Schema Theory: In W.B. Gudykunst (Ed.), Theorizing About Intercultural Communication, (pp.401418). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Raab, M. and Rocha, J., 2011. Campaigns to end violence against women and girls. Organizacin de las Naciones Unidas Mujeres. Recuperado de: https://www. endvawnow. org/uploads/modules/pdf/1342724232. pdf. Strmbck, J. and Van Aelst, P., 2013. Why political parties adapt to the media: Exploring the fourth dimension of mediatization. International Communication Gazette, 75(4), pp.341-358.